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A German theological writer; born at Grunberg in Upper Hesse, May 27, 1833. He was appointed professor of theology in the University of Greifswald, 1866. Among his numerous works are: "Natural Theology" (1860); "Critical History of Asceticism" (1863), afterward rewritten and entitled "Asceticism and Monasticism" (1897); "The Augsburg Confession as the Fundamental Symbol of the German Church of the Reformation" (1870); "God's Witnesses in the Kingdom of Nature" (1881); "The Apocrypha of the Old Testament" (1891).